In social work education, the Person-In-Environment (PIE) model is a core component of generalist practice. Based on systems theory and the ecosystems perspective, PIE emphasizes the inseparable relationship between a person and their environment. Understanding a person’s experiences means understanding how their surroundings influence them — and how they, in turn, influence those surroundings.
Social workers use PIE theory to examine and understand how individuals are affected by — and interact with — their various environments. These may include home, school, family, work, places of worship, and the broader community.
A college freshman adjusts to dorm life and adopts positive study habits due to a roommate's structure. This shows how an environment can influence academic success. Conversely, environments can also negatively affect behavior — for example, peer groups that encourage substance abuse.
Understanding PIE allows social workers to evaluate clients more holistically, identifying both risk factors and supports in their everyday lives. It guides intervention planning that reflects the true complexity of each person's experience.
Students and practitioners are encouraged to use PIE diagrams to map out the person and their related environments. Consider how each system (family, school, work, etc.) contributes positively or negatively to a person’s wellbeing.
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